重庆某贫困县居家康复治疗救助政策实施情况及问题探讨

针对因病致贫的现象,我国健康扶贫的地方创新政策不断涌现。目前健康扶贫的经济扶助政策主要围绕大病住院费用的筹资解决,而少见对大病之后居家康复所维持健康的必要成本,如药品费用予以帮扶。从卫生经济学而言,预防和康复比治疗是对于穷人更有效的卫生投资,也能节省卫生资源开支。围绕大病贫困患者的康复精准帮扶,重庆某贫困县创新"居家康复治疗救助"政策以降低贫困人口医药费用负担。针对执行存在监控力度不足、医方激励不足、患者满意度不够高的问题,围绕大病贫困患者的需求,提出相应对策,包括拓宽补助的多种方式,提高对医生的激励设计,允许报销的合理弹性,加强多部门协同监管。     

Diagnostic blood loss from phlebotomy and hospital acquired anemia in patients with severe burns

PurposeThe study was performed to estimate the diagnostic blood loss (DBL) volume during hospitalization and investigate its relationship with the development of moderate to severe hospital acquired anemia (HAA) and increased number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion following extensive burns.Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective study of adult burned patients with total body surface area (TBSA) burn larger than 40%, who were admitted to burn center of Changhai hospital between January 2005 and December 2017.ResultsWe included a final number of 157 patients in the present study. Moderate to severe HAA within the fourth week postburn was developed in 46 of 121 patients who stayed over 28-day hospitalization. Patients with moderate to severe HAA had both significantly higher total DBL volume [245 (IQR: 183.75, 325.25) mL vs 168 (119, 163) mL ; P = 0.001] and DBL volume per day [10.22 (IQR: 8.57, 12.38) mL vs 6.63 (5.22, 10.42) mL/day; P = 0.005]. Logistic regression analysis revealed that both DBL volume per day and TBSA burn were independent risk factors for the development of moderate to severe HAA.ConclusionsSeverely burned patients appear to be prone to develop HAA during hospitalization. The DBL volume contribute to the occurrence of moderate to severe HAA, which might be a modifiable target for preventing HAA.     

基于网络药理学探讨大承气汤治疗急性胰腺炎的物质基础和分子机制

采用网络药理学方法预测大承气汤治疗急性胰腺炎的物质基础和分子机制。通过数据库检索并预测大承气汤化合物的作用靶点及急性胰腺炎的疾病基因;并对关键靶点和相关活性化学成分进行分子对接验证;利用DAVID"富集分析"得到大承气汤的活性成分在治疗急性胰腺炎过程中所涉及的功能及通路,最终构建"中药材-活性化学成分-靶点-通路"综合网络。在大承气汤中发现了108种活性化学成分可与28个疾病靶点相关联,分子对接结果显示关键靶点与其对应化合物均有较强的结合能力。经DAVID富集分析得到,生物学过程438条,分子功能31条,细胞组成17条,KEGG通路富集96条。大承气汤可能通过药物反应、脂多糖反应和反向调节凋亡等生物过程,抗炎、抗氧化活性、反向调节细胞凋亡以及调节胰腺分泌等方式来实现其药效作用,涉及IL-17,TNF,NF-κB等多条信号通路。该研究运用网络药理学的方法,揭示了大承气汤以多种成分协同作用于多靶点、多信号通路治疗急性胰腺炎的分子机制,为生物实验提供理论基础。     

穿山龙提取物抗急性痛风性关节炎的尿液代谢组学分析

目的:对急性痛风性关节炎大鼠给予穿山龙提取物后的尿液代谢组学进行研究,寻找相关的潜在生物标志物及相关代谢通路。方法:采用尿酸钠(MSU)诱导的急性痛风性关节炎大鼠模型,将SD大鼠40只随机分为空白组、穿山龙提取物组、模型组、穿山龙提取物干预组,每组10只。给药组灌胃给予穿山龙提取物,给药剂量0. 48 g·kg~(-1),每天1次,连续5 d,于末次给药后,收集大鼠尿液,运用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS结合模式识别方法分析,采用正、负离子扫描模式下电喷雾离子源,数据采集范围m/z 100～1 500,采用全扫描方式。结果:鉴别出了12个共同的潜在生物标志物,分别为肌氨酸,二甲基甘氨酸,脱氧胞苷,尿酸,5-HT,L-胱硫醚,4-吡哆酸,脱氧尿苷,褪黑激素,5-甲氧基色胺,富马酸和胞苷。与空白组比较,穿山龙提取物组中这12个潜在生物标志物均明显下调;与模型组比较,在穿山龙提取物干预组的潜在生物标志物中,有10个上调,2个下调,穿山龙提取物对肌氨酸,尿酸,L-胱硫醚,4-吡哆酸,脱氧尿苷,5-甲氧基色胺,胞苷,二甲基甘氨酸,褪黑激素,富马酸这10个标志物均表现出了纠正异常表达的趋势;与急性痛风性关节炎相关性最强的代谢通路为半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢、色氨酸代谢。结论:穿山龙提取物可能是通过促进半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢中胱硫醚向半胱氨酸的转化水平,上调色氨酸代谢中褪黑激素,实现对痛风性关节炎的防治作用。     

清化方治疗重症肺炎(痰热壅肺证)的临床研究

目的观察自拟清化方治疗重症肺炎(痰热壅肺证)患者的疗效。方法患者74例随机分为观察组与对照组各37例,对照组予西医常规治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用清化方治疗,分别于5、10 d后比较两组疗效。结果治疗5 d后,两组炎症指标、临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)、序贯器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA评分)、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHⅡ评分)、中医证候评分与治疗前比较,均显著改善(P<0.05);观察组在APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分等方面与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,两组炎症指标、CPIS评分、SOFA评分、APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组在降钙素原(PCT)、APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分等方面与治疗5 d后及对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组总有效率为80.00%,显著高于对照组的68.97%(P<0.05)。结论清化方对重症肺炎实证患者有较好的疗效,能有效改善患者的炎症反应,调整脏器功能,减轻患者症状,改善预后。     

早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中运动功能的影响

目的对急性脑卒中患者实施早期康复治疗,分析其对患者运动功能的影响。方法对本院2015年1月—2018年6月期间收治的急性脑卒中患者,从中选择50例进行研究。根据病历单双号进行分组,每组各25例。对照组患者接受常规治疗,观察组患者在此基础上应用早期康复治疗。对两组患者的运动功能进行分析和评价。结果对照组治疗前的Fugl-Meyer评分为(17.4±7.4)分,治疗后的评分为(57.9±15.4)分,观察组治疗前的Fugl-Meyer评分为(18.1±7.3)分,治疗后的评分为(71.3±15.2)分。观察组患者与对照组治疗前的Fugl-Meyer评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组治疗后的Fugl-Meyer评分明显高于对照组,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中患者进行治疗,可以明显改善患者的运动功能,具有较高的应用价值。     

Effects of sildenafil on inflammatory injury of the lung in sodium taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis rats

BackgroundInflammatory response and acute lung injury (ALI) occur in sodium taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Because sildenafil has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immune-modulating effects, we investigated its effect on inflammatory and lung injury in sodium taurocholate-induced SAP-associated ALI rat lung.MethodsSodium taurocholate-induced SAP rats received sildenafil (100 mg/kg) or not and were compared to age-matched normal control animals. We evaluated inflammatory response by detecting the expression of inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and detected the level of lung injury through histopathological evaluation. Moreover, we also tested the protein expression of PCNA, P21, Bcl-2 and Bax in the lung.ResultsSildenafil administration rats had a low level of lung injury and inflammation. In addition, sildenafil significantly increased the expression of proliferation-related markers and decreased the expression of apoptosis-related markers in lung tissue.ConclusionsSildenafil administration may attenuate inflammation and lung injury by promoting proliferation and suppressing apoptosis in SAP rats.     

Consensus summary report for CEPI/BC March 12–13, 2020 meeting: Assessment of risk of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines

A novel coronavirus (CoV), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and has since spread as a global pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are thus urgently needed to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and ease the major economic impact. There has been an unprecedented rapid response by vaccine developers with now over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and at least six having reached clinical trials. However, a major challenge during rapid development is to avoid safety issues both by thoughtful vaccine design and by thorough evaluation in a timely manner. A syndrome of “disease enhancement” has been reported in the past for a few viral vaccines where those immunized suffered increased severity or death when they later encountered the virus or were found to have an increased frequency of infection. Animal models allowed scientists to determine the underlying mechanism for the former in the case of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine and have been utilized to design and screen new RSV vaccine candidates. Because some Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines have shown evidence of disease enhancement in some animal models, this is a particular concern for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. To address this challenge, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the Brighton Collaboration (BC) Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to consider what vaccine designs could reduce safety concerns and how animal models and immunological assessments in early clinical trials can help to assess the risk. This report summarizes the evidence presented and provides considerations for safety assessment of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in accelerated vaccine development.     

基于中医药防治新型冠状病毒肺炎的用药探析

武汉市爆发新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情,传染性强,传播速度快,影响范围广,引起了国内外高度关注。WHO宣布将COVID-19疫情列为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。面对重大疫情,河南省郑州市中医院开展中医药预防治疗COVID-19用药调查研究分析,总结中医药诊疗方向及抗病毒中药、经典名方、中成药用药要点,以期能为医疗机构COVID-19诊疗以及药物合理选择提供参考依据。     

床旁多普勒超声引导下经皮气管切开术在重症脑出血患者中的应用

目的探讨床旁多普勒超声引导下经皮气管切开术（PDT）在重症脑出血患者中的应用价值。方法选取2014年1月—2019年4月南方医科大学附属小榄医院重症医学科监护治疗的重症脑出血患者126例，在ICU床旁采用超声引导下行PDT。术前采用超声进行检查，明确气管位置、周围组织及血管情况，确定穿刺部位及深度，指导术前气管导管退管。术中实时超声引导，确保手术安全。术后超声确认气管切开套管位置，筛查排除气胸等相关并发症。观察操作时间（从皮肤穿刺到成功置入气管套管时间）、一针穿刺成功率、置管成功率、气管插管意外脱管率；观察术中及术后并发症：出血量、血管/甲状腺损伤、气管后壁损伤、皮下气肿、气胸、低氧血症发生率等。结果126例患者手术均一次操作成功，一针穿刺成功率及置管成功率均为100%，未发生气管插管意外脱管。操作时间5~12 min，平均操作时间7.5 min。术中及术后未发生难以控制的大出血、严重低氧血症、血管/甲状腺损伤、气管后壁损伤、皮下气肿及气胸等并发症。结论对重症脑出血患者行床旁实时超声引导下行PDT，提高了手术的可视性、操作性和安全性，提高PDT成功率，降低相关并发症，具有良好的临床价值。